Netnografia e a pesquisa científica na internet / Netnography and scientific research on the internet / Netnografía e investigación científica en Internet / Netnographie et recherche scientifique sur Internet

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo fomentar a discussão sobre a realização de pesquisas acadêmicas em ambientes on-line e, especialmente, em locais que soam como inadequados para a construção de um saber científico. Tendo como suporte metodológico a Netnografia e a descrição de um percurso metodológico que utilizou exclusivamente o Facebook como lócus de produção de dados, o que se conclui é que a possibilidade de invenção metodológica é, inegavelmente, um dos legados da internet para as pesquisas científicas - processo criativo que não pode excluir o rigor, a condução ética e a fidedignidade, características tão caras e imprescindíveis ao método de construção do conhecimento científico, mas que ainda impõem muitos desafios que precisam ser superados.

Abstract This article discusses the conduct of academic research in online environments, especially in places that apparently sound inadequate for the construction of scientific knowledge. Based on Netnography and on the description of a methodological trajectory that exclusively used Facebook as a locus of data production, we conclude that the possibility of methodological invention is undeniably one of the legacies of the internet for scientific research. It is a creative process that cannot exclude rigor, ethical conduct and reliability, characteristics that are so expensive and indispensable to the method of building scientific knowledge, but which still imposes many challenges that need to be overcome.

Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo fomentar el debate sobre la realización de investigaciones académicas en línea, especialmente en lugares donde aparentemente suenan inadecuados para la construcción del conocimiento científico. Se utilizó como marco metodológico la Netnografía y se hizo la descripción de un camino metodológico que utilizó exclusivamente Facebook como lugar de producción de datos; se concluye que la posibilidad de la invención metodológica es sin duda uno de los legados de Internet para la investigación científica, proceso creativo que no puede excluir el rigor, la conducta ética y la fiabilidad, características que son tan costosas e indispensables para el método de construcción del conocimiento científico, pero que aún imponen muchos desafíos que deben ser superados.

Résumé Cet article vise à promouvoir la discussion sur la recherche académique dans les environnements numérique et en particulier dans les endroits qui semblent inadéquats à la construction de la connaissance scientifique. Ayant comme support méthodologique la Netnographie et la description d'un parcours méthodologique qui utilisait exclusivement le Facebook comme lieu de production de données, on conclut que la possibilité d'invention méthodologique est indéniablement l'un des héritages de l'Internet pour la recherche scientifique. Un processus créatif qui ne peut exclure la rigueur, la conduite éthique et la fiabilité, caractéristiques si important et indispensables à la méthode de construction de la connaissance scientifique, mais qui impose encore de nombreux défis à relever.

Culture and human development: Where did it go? And where is it going?

Culture and human development blossomed as a research enterprise in the last quarter of the 20th century; the energy and innovation of that enterprise are less evident now. Where did it go, and where is it going? In this essay, we examine the shifting fields of cross-cultural psychology, psychological anthropology, cultural psychology, indigenous psychology, and the surge of research on Individualism/Collectivism. Offering both academic and personal perspectives, we reflect on the importance of "culture" as a construct, and the value of focusing on individual development in that context. The way forward now, we suggest, is international and intercultural collaboration of scientists. The challenge for training new researchers from diverse backgrounds, however, is to equip them with the knowledge and insights gained from cross-cultural psychology, psychological anthropology, and their own cultures, rather than simply making the next generation of scholars into new representatives of Western theories of development.

Doing biocultural anthropology: Continuity and change.

Biocultural anthropology has long represented an important approach in the study of human biology. However, despite demonstrated utility, its somewhat amorphous identity leaves some scholars questioning just what it means to be biocultural. In this article, rather than providing proscriptive doctrine, we contribute to these conversations about the nature of biocultural anthropology by considering what biocultural research does. We begin with a consideration of some of the foundational themes of biocultural work including recognition of the dialectical nature of sociocultural and biological forces, interest in inequality, and incorporation of both evolutionary and political economic perspectives. To emphasize the consistency of biocultural work over time, we also trace these themes from originating work to their appearance in current research. We then identify some of the key actions of the biocultural approach, noting that biocultural work can execute any number though rarely all of these actions simultaneously. We then offer brief introductions to the articles that make up this special issue, highlighting the ways in which each piece undertakes key biocultural actions. Following these introductions, we provide a discussion of some of the types of biocultural work that are not present in this special issue, recognizing the breadth of biocultural research across multiple subfields of anthropology. Finally, we point to some potentially fruitful directions for future biocultural research. In the end, we conclude that while biocultural anthropology may not have a cohesive or set agenda, it does have a clear and recognizable form of content and methodology illuminated by its actions.

Cuerpos online: entre la crisis y la oportunidad

La autora, artista y antropóloga especializada en estudios de la performance, reflexiona sobre la corporalidad en el espacio público, el aislamiento social derivado de la pandemia de Covid-19, y las nuevas formas de contacto con los otros.

Leininger's Ethnonursing Research Method: Historical Retrospective and Overview.

A historical overview and evolution of Leininger's ethnonursing research method (ERM) is presented along with descriptions of the method's purpose, goal, terminology, and enablers. A succinct guide to using ERM is provided to assist novice and seasoned researchers, as well as mentors and educators, in teaching, mentoring, advising, and/or conducting ethnonursing research studies. Criteria for evaluation of qualitative research studies, such as the ERM, are highlighted.

Vital and enchanted: Jane Bennett and new materialism for nursing philosophy and practice.

Nursing theories are typically anthropocentric and emphasize caring for a person as a unitary whole. They maintain the dualisms of human-nonhuman, natural-social and material-ideal. Recent developments in nonhuman ontology question the utility of that approach. One important philosopher in this new materialism is political theorist Jane Bennett. In this paper, I explore Bennett's vital materialism and enchantment as two concepts arising from the nonhuman turn that should inform nursing philosophy. Vital materialism considers the lively power of matter to affect the world and be affected in relations. Enchantment refers to a sense of wonder and captivation with matter. While summarizing her important contributions, I also describe common criticisms and responses. I consider the human as an assemblage of matter as well as the agency or "thing power" of matter external to humans. This has implications for nursing thought and practice, and it can inform a more capacious research methodology. I also discuss how compassion fatigue or burnout and other professional issues may be seen as a form of disenchantment with the material world. I argue that embracing these and other elements of Bennett's new materialist philosophy can help nurses and other health professionals enrich their theories and practice to advance their disciplines and improve care for persons and populations.

'He usually has what we call normal fevers': Cultural perspectives on healthy child growth in rural Southeastern Tanzania: An ethnographic enquiry.

INTRODUCTION: While parents' construction of and actions around child growth are embedded in their cultural framework, the discourse on child growth monitoring (CGM) has been using indicators grounded in the biomedical model. We believe that for CGM to be effective, it should also incorporate other relevant socio-cultural constructs. To contribute to the further development of CGM to ensure that it reflects the local context, we report on the cultural conceptualization of healthy child growth in rural Tanzania. Specifically, we examine how caregivers describe and recognize healthy growth in young children, and the meanings they attach to these cultural markers of healthy growth. METHODS: Caregivers of under-five children, including mothers, fathers, elderly women, and community health workers, were recruited from a rural community in Kilosa District, Southeastern Tanzania. Using an ethnographic approach and the cultural schemas theory, data for the study were collected through 19 focus group discussions, 30 in-depth interviews, and five key informant interviews. Both inductive and deductive approaches were used in the data analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported using multiple markers for ascertaining healthy growth. These include 'being bonge' (chubby), 'being free of illness', 'eating well', 'growing in height', as well as 'having good kilos' (weight). Despite the integration of some biomedical concepts into the local conceptualization of growth, the meanings attached to these concepts are largely rooted in the participants' cultural framework. For instance, a child's weight is ascribed to the parents' adherence to postpartum sex taboos and to the nature of a child's bones. The study noted conceptual differences between the meanings attached to height from a biomedical and a local perspective. Whereas from a biomedical perspective the height increment is considered an outcome of growth, the participants did not see height as linked to nutrition, and did not believe that they have control over their child's height. CONCLUSIONS: To provide context-sensitive advice to mothers during CGM appointments, health workers should use a tool that takes into account the mothers' constructs derived from their cultural framework of healthy growth. The use of this approach should facilitate communication between health professionals and caregivers during CGM activities, increase the uptake and utilization of CGM services, and, eventually, contribute to reduced levels of childhood malnutrition in the community.

An Ethnographic Study on Feeding Bugis Children Aged 0-23 Months in Palopo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

This study aimed to explore Bugis culture related to feeding practice in children age 0-23 months. The study used a qualitative research method with an ethnographic study approach. Observations and focused group discussions were conducted on 22 caregivers, while in-depth interviews were conducted with a customary leader, two cadres, and a village mindwife. Data analysis applied a thematic analysis with an ethnonursing approach. This study resulted in three themes: giving sweet food, choosing a qualified person to give the first bribe, and delayed feeding of animal-sourced food (ASF) before the age of one year. These results affirm that culture is one of the most influential aspects of feeding children. The culture embraced by parents and society can affect the nutritional intake of children, especially during the first 1000 days of life.

Cultural transmission modes of music sampling traditions remain stable despite delocalization in the digital age.

Music sampling is a common practice among hip-hop and electronic producers that has played a critical role in the development of particular subgenres. Artists preferentially sample drum breaks, and previous studies have suggested that these may be culturally transmitted. With the advent of digital sampling technologies and social media the modes of cultural transmission may have shifted, and music communities may have become decoupled from geography. The aim of the current study was to determine whether drum breaks are culturally transmitted through musical collaboration networks, and to identify the factors driving the evolution of these networks. Using network-based diffusion analysis we found strong evidence for the cultural transmission of drum breaks via collaboration between artists, and identified several demographic variables that bias transmission. Additionally, using network evolution methods we found evidence that the structure of the collaboration network is no longer biased by geographic proximity after the year 2000, and that gender disparity has relaxed over the same period. Despite the delocalization of communities by the internet, collaboration remains a key transmission mode of music sampling traditions. The results of this study provide valuable insight into how demographic biases shape cultural transmission in complex networks, and how the evolution of these networks has shifted in the digital age.

Popular music scenes and aging bodies.

During the last two decades there has been increasing interest in the phenomenon of the aging popular music audience (Bennett & Hodkinson, 2012). Although the specter of the aging fan is by no means new, the notion of, for example, the aging rocker or the aging punk has attracted significant sociological attention, not least of all because of what this says about the shifting socio-cultural significance of rock and punk and similar genres - which at the time of their emergence were inextricably tied to youth and vociferously marketed as "youth musics". As such, initial interpretations of aging music fans tended to paint a somewhat negative picture, suggesting a sense in which such fans were cultural misfits (Ross, 1994). In more recent times, however, work informed by cultural aging perspectives has begun to consider how so-called "youth cultural" identities may in fact provide the basis of more stable and evolving identities over the life course (Bennett, 2013). Starting from this position, the purpose of this article is to critically examine how aging members of popular music scenes might be recast as a salient example of the more pluralistic fashion in which aging is anticipated, managed and articulated in contemporary social settings. The article then branches out to consider two ways that aging members of music scenes continue their scene involvement. The first focuses on evolving a series of discourses that legitimately position them as aging bodies in cultural spaces that also continue to be inhabited by significant numbers of people in their teens, twenties and thirties. The second sees aging fans taking advantage of new opportunities for consuming live music including winery concerts and dinner and show events.

Investigación cualitativa en Cuidados Paliativos. Un recorrido por los enfoques más habituales / Qualitative research in palliative care. A walk through the most frequent approaches

La utilización de la investigación cualitativa en Cuidados Paliativos (CP) está en auge, quizás porque tienen muchos aspectos en común. Ambos se centran en la persona y su entorno y están especialmente interesados en la experiencia humana. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar algunos de los enfoques más frecuentemente utilizados en las ciencias de la salud, proporcionando ejemplos de estudios de CP. Esto con el fin de ayudar a quienes se están iniciando en la investigación cualitativa a explorar los posibles enfoques que podrían utilizar para realizar investigación en CP. A través del ejercicio «armchair walkthrough», se concretan los aspectos clave de un proyecto de investigación, considerando los distintos enfoques: la etnografía, la fenomenología, la narrativa y la teoría fundamentada. Familiarizarse con la metodología cualitativa y algunos de los enfoques ayudará a los profesionales de CP a plantear nuevas preguntas y retos con investigación rigurosa

The use of qualitative research in Palliative Care (PC) is increasing, probably because PC and qualitative methodology have many things in common. Both focus on the person and his or her environment, and they are particularly interested in human experience. The aim of this paper is to present some of the most often used qualitative research approaches in health science, providing examples of PC studies. The aim is to help beginners to explore the possible approaches that they could use to carry out research in PC. The armchair walk-through exercise, which helps to specify key aspects in research, is developed for each of the approaches: ethnography, phenomenology, personal narrative, and grounded theory. Becoming familiar with qualitative methodology and some of the approaches will help PC health professionals to raise new questions and address new challenges with rigorous research

El abordaje antropológico y el cuidado de la persona anciana hospitalizada / The anthropological approach and care for hospitalized elderly

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las aportaciones de los elementos teóricos de la antropología para la enseñanza, la investigación y la atención de enfermería a los ancianos hospitalizados. Se analiza la relevancia del tema hospitalización de ancianos, los principios que rigen la práctica de los cuidados geronto-geriátricos, la interface entre la antropología y los cuidados de ancianos hospitalizados y los desafíos para la implementación de prácticas fundamentadas en conceptos antropológicos, en el contexto hospitalario. Se evidencia el hospital como un espacio necesario y viable para los cuidados más humanísticos, para las personas mayores, en el que el abordaje cultural sirve como soporte y con acciones interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales para el enfrentamiento de los obstáculos apuntados para su implementación

The objective was to reflect on possible contributions that the theoretical elements of anthropology can offer for teaching, research and nursing care to the hospitalized elderly. It is possible to analyze the relevance of seniors’ hospitalization topic, principles governing the practice of geronto-geriatric care, anthropology interface and hospitalized elderly care and the challenges for the implementation of methods based on anthropological concepts in hospitals. Considering the hospital as a place where it is necessary and feasible more humanistic care, for which the cultural approach serves as a fitting support for interdisciplinary and intersectional actions to face obstacles aimed at its implementation

Personal and political histories in the designing of health reform policy in Bolivia.

While health policies are a major focus in disciplines such as public health and public policy, there is a dearth of work on the histories, social contexts, and personalities behind the development of these policies. This article takes an anthropological approach to the study of a health policy's origins, based on ethnographic research conducted in Bolivia between 2010 and 2012. Bolivia began a process of health care reform in 2006, following the election of Evo Morales Ayma, the country's first indigenous president, and leader of the Movement Toward Socialism (Movimiento al Socialism). Brought into power through the momentum of indigenous social movements, the MAS government platform addressed racism, colonialism, and human rights in a number of major reforms, with a focus on cultural identity and indigeneity. One of the MAS's projects was the design of a new national health policy in 2008 called The Family Community Intercultural Health Policy (Salud Familiar Comunitaria Intercultural). This policy aimed to address major health inequities through primary care in a country that is over 60% indigenous. Methods used were interviews with Bolivian policymakers and other stakeholders, participant observation at health policy conferences and in rural community health programs that served as models for aspects of the policy, and document analysis to identify core premises and ideological areas. I argue that health policies are historical both in their relationship to national contexts and events on a timeline, but also because of the ways they intertwine with participants' personal histories, theoretical frameworks, and reflections on national historical events. By studying the Bolivian policymaking process, and particularly those who helped design the policy, it is possible to understand how and why particular progressive ideas were able to translate into policy. More broadly, this work also suggests how a uniquely anthropological approach to the study of health policy can contribute to other disciplines that focus on policy analysis and policy processes.

Anthropological contributions to historical ecology: 50 questions, infinite prospects.

This paper presents the results of a consensus-driven process identifying 50 priority research questions for historical ecology obtained through crowdsourcing, literature reviews, and in-person workshopping. A deliberative approach was designed to maximize discussion and debate with defined outcomes. Two in-person workshops (in Sweden and Canada) over the course of two years and online discussions were peer facilitated to define specific key questions for historical ecology from anthropological and archaeological perspectives. The aim of this research is to showcase the variety of questions that reflect the broad scope for historical-ecological research trajectories across scientific disciplines. Historical ecology encompasses research concerned with decadal, centennial, and millennial human-environmental interactions, and the consequences that those relationships have in the formation of contemporary landscapes. Six interrelated themes arose from our consensus-building workshop model: (1) climate and environmental change and variability; (2) multi-scalar, multi-disciplinary; (3) biodiversity and community ecology; (4) resource and environmental management and governance; (5) methods and applications; and (6) communication and policy. The 50 questions represented by these themes highlight meaningful trends in historical ecology that distill the field down to three explicit findings. First, historical ecology is fundamentally an applied research program. Second, this program seeks to understand long-term human-environment interactions with a focus on avoiding, mitigating, and reversing adverse ecological effects. Third, historical ecology is part of convergent trends toward transdisciplinary research science, which erodes scientific boundaries between the cultural and natural.

Experiencias de cuidado cultural en personas con diabetes y el contexto familiar, con enfoque Leininger / Experiências culturais em cuidados com diabetes e contexto familiar, com foco Leininger Cultural / Experiences in diabetes care and family context, focusing Leininger

Objetivo: Describir experiencias de cuidado desde lo cultural de personas con diabetes Mellitus tipo II en su contexto familiar atendidos en un Hospital de III nivel durante 2013 y 2014. Metodología: Enfoque cualitativo tipo etnográfico, etnoenfermería, derivada de la Teoría de enfermería de Madeleine Leininger. Muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia con 10 informantes clave, 6 informantes generales. Recolección de información mediante entrevistas abiertas a profundidad en el hogar, notas de campo. Análisis de información a través de las fases de la etnoenfermería: codificación, categorización, identificación de patrones recurrentes, temas. Resultados: se identificaron cinco tema principales: Reacción a su situación de enfermedad, la participación de la familia, experiencias producidas desde el servicio de salud y otros actores sociales, efectos percibidos y conocidos por sí mismo, construcción del cuidado. Conclusión: La experiencia de cuidado en las personas con diabetes en el contexto familiar determina patrones de cuidado que inciden culturalmente y reflejan su cuidado en el hogar. La investigación desde lo cultural, fortalece la práctica de enfermería porque potencia un campo natural de cuidado para brindar cuidado culturalmente congruente (AU)

To describe experience of care from culture of people with type II diabetes mellitus in the family context treated at a hospital in Ibague III level during 2013 and 2014. Methodology: qualitative ethnographic approach, ethnonursing derived from the Theory of nursing Madeleine Leininger. Non-probability convenience with 10 key informants, informants 6 general sampling. Gathering information through open deep in the home, field notes and observation interviews. Analysis of information through the phases of the ethnonursing: coding, categorizing, identifying recurring patterns, themes. Results: Reaction to the disease situation, the involvement of family, experiences produced from the health service and other social actors, perceived and known by itself effects, construction of care: five major topic were identified. Conclusion: The experience of diabetes care in the family context determines patterns of care that reflect their influence culturally and home care. Research from the cultural, strengthens nursing practice because it enhances a natural field of care to provide culturally congruent care (AU)

Para descrever a experiência dos cuidados de cultura de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo II no contexto familiar tratados em um hospital de nível III Ibague durante 2013 e 2014. Metodologia: abordagem etnográfica qualitativa, etnoenfermagem derivado da Teoria de enfermagem Madeleine Leininger. Conveniência não probabilística com 10 informantes-chave, os informantes 6 de amostragem geral. Coleta de informações por meio de profundidade aberto em casa, notas de campo de observação e entrevistas. Análise de informações através das fases do etnoenfermagem: codificação, categorização, identificação de padrões recorrentes, temas. Resultados: A reação à situação da doença, o envolvimento dos familiares, as experiências produzidas a partir do serviço de saúde e outros atores sociais, percebido e conhecido por si só, efeitos, construção do cuidado: cinco dos principais tópicos foram identificados. Conclusão: A experiência de cuidados com diabetes no contexto familiar determina padrões de cuidados que afetam cultural e reflectem os seus cuidados em casa. Pesquisa da cultural, fortalece a prática de enfermagem porque melhora um campo natural de cuidado para prover um cuidado culturalmente congruente (AU)

Psychology's "Crisis" and the Need for Reflection. A Plea for Modesty in Psychological Theorizing.

This paper discusses the need for contextualization and reflection of psychological theorizing within its respective cultural and historical context. By acknowledging the anthropological assumptions which form a key part of every psychological theory and connect psychological thinking with broader cultural values, norms, ideals and meanings, psychologists can gain a deeper understanding of the limits of their own theories. It is argued that the prolonged debate within academic psychology concerning its status and methodology which became famous as "psychology's crisis" is an effect of the neglect of these implicit anthropological assumptions. Especially as cultural and cultural-historical psychologists, we should avoid the improper universalization of particular models of what defines a human being.

Jóvenes, alcohol y riesgo: una mirada crítica desde las teorías socio-culturales / Youth, alcohol and risk: a critical view from the socio-cultural theories

Este trabajo centra su interés en las difíciles relaciones entre las disciplinas sanitarias y sociales ante un problema complejo como el consumo de alcohol. La cuestión es si la práctica científica tiene capacidad para disminuir los riesgos, o por el contrario es necesario protegerse de los peligros que ella misma produce. Los científicos sociales se quejan del poco uso que la medicina hace del gran acervo existente sobre el fenómeno del alcoholismo con base en la cultura, a la vez que critica la ineficacia de los abordajes biomédicos. Se resalta la importancia de un análisis contextualizado del consumo de alcohol que tenga en cuenta la función y las consecuencias a partir de la estructura social que le da significación colectiva y subjetiva. Se manifiestan las paradojas actuales en el gobierno de las dependencias. Y de cara al fenómeno del consumo colectivo de alcohol entre los jóvenes, se sugieren abordajes alternativos que incorporen los significados y la capacidad de intervención de los propios sujetos

This work focuses its interest in the difficult relationships between health and social disciplines when facing a complex problem as alcohol consumption. The question is whether the scientific practice has the capacity to reduce risks, or on the contrary it is necessary to protect ourselves from the dangers which it produces. Social scientists complain about the limited use that medicine makes of the vast existing heritage about the cultural-based alcoholism. At the same time scientists criticize the inefficiency of biomedical approaches. In this article, we highlight the importance of a contextualized analysis about the alcohol consumption that takes into account the functions and consequences from the social structure that gives it collective and subjective significance. Current paradoxes in the social government of dependencies are manifested. Looking to the phenomenon of collective consumption of alcohol among young people, we suggest alternative approaches that incorporate the meanings and intervention capacity of the subjects themselves